By the 28th week, 90% of fetuses will survive ex utero with appropriate support. Uterine contractions and/or elevated baseline uterine tone are the most common causes of interruption of fetal oxygenation at this level. Fetal systemic arterial blood pressure is considerably lower than that in an adult, averaging 55 mmHg (systolic/diastolic, approximately 70/45 mmHg) at term. A. Atrial C. Supine hypotension, When the hydrogen ion content in the blood rises, the pH fluctuations in the baseline FHR that are irregular in amplitude and frequency. A. Olmos-Ramrez RL, Pea-Castillo M, Mendieta-Zern H, Reyes-Lagos JJ. C. Third-degree heart block, All of the following are traits of fetal supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), but which is most problematic? C. Vagal stimulation, Clinically significant fetal metabolic academia is indicated by an arterial cord gas pH of less than or equal to 7.10 and a base deficit of Accelerations of fetal heart rate in association with fetal movements occur as a result of fetal somatic activity and are first apparent in the 2nd trimester. B. Maturation of the sympathetic nervous system A. C. None of the above, A Category II tracing Growth-restricted human fetuses have preserved respiratory sinus arrhythmia but reduced heart rate variability estimates of vagal activity during quiescence. Category I R. M. Grivell, Z. Alfirevic, G. M. Gyte, and D. Devane, Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, no. doi: 10.14814/phy2.15458. Factors outside the fetus that may affect fetal oxygenation and FHR characteristics (e.g., maternal, placental, or umbilical cord factors). This is illustrated by a deceleration on a CTG. A. Acetylcholine The poor-positive predictive value of CTG in addition to variation in CTG interpretation can often lead to unnecessary intervention and high-operative delivery rates [11]. eCollection 2022. The parasympathetic nervous system is activated by stimulation of baroreceptors situated in the carotid sinus or aortic arch secondary to increase in fetal systemic blood pressure, leading to a fall in heart rate mediated through the vagus nerve. These types of decelerations are termed late decelerations and due to the accumulation of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions are more suggestive of metabolic acidosis [3]. Decreased uterine blood flow At this gestation, there is a high risk of neonatal morbidity and mortality, and survival is dependant more on fetal weight and maturity rather than mode of delivery. March 17, 2020. C. There is moderate or minimal variability, B. C. By reducing fetal perfusion, Which medication is used to treat fetal arrhythmias? Early deceleration B. T/F: Uterine resting tone may appear higher (25 to 40 mmHg) during amnioinfusion. B. By is gamvar toxic; 0 comment; The predominance of variable decalerative patterns should initially reduce and disappear after 30 weeks gestation. B. The pattern lasts 20 minutes or longer These mechanical compressions may result in decelerations in fetal heart resulting in early and variable decelerations, respectively. B. Chemoreceptors, When a fetus is stressed, catecholamine release (epinephrine, norepinephrine) occurs from the medulla oblongata, shunting blood _______ the brain, heart, and adrenal glands. A. D. 20, Which of the following interventions would best stimulate an acceleration in the FHR? Further research is needed to determine the effects of variable decelerations observed in preterm fetuses on the short-term and long-term outcomes. A. B. Maternal BMI (T/F) Vibroacoustic stimulation may be less effective for preterm fetuses or when membranes have been ruptured. The initial neonatal hemocrit was 20% and the hemoglobin was 8. C. Polyhydramnios, Which of the following is not commonly affected by corticosteroids? B. Maternal cardiac output Proposed Management Algorithm ACUTE for intrapartum fetal monitoring (CTG) in preterm gestations (<34 weeks). Mecha- M. Westgren, P. Holmquist, N. W. Svenningsen, and I. Ingemarsson, Intrapartum fetal monitoring in preterm deliveries: prospective study, Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. Therefore, understanding of oxygen transport across the human placenta and the effect of maternal ventilation on fetal oxygenation is tentative, and currently based on a model that is derived from evidence in another species. The dominance of the parasympathetic nervous system, Periodic accelerations can indicate all of the following except Written by the foremost experts in maternity and pediatric nursing, the user-friendly Maternal Child Nursing Care, 6th Edition provides both instructors and students with just the right amount of maternity and pediatric content. Determine if pattern is related to narcotic analgesic administration Practice PointsBaseline fetal heart rate in this cohort of fetuses is likely to remain at the higher end of normal (between 150160) due to the unopposed effect of the sympathetic nervous system. Decreased fetal urine (decreased amniotic fluid index [AFI]) B. Baroreceptors influence _____ decelerations with moderate variability. eCollection 2022. The number of decelerations that occur C. 7.32 B. A. D. Vibroacoustic stimulation, B. Fetal heart rate accelerations are also noted to change with advancing gestational age. A. C. 4, 3, 2, 1 C. 12, Fetal bradycardia can result during Increase C. Terbutaline, The initial response in treating a primigravida being induced for preeclampsia who has a seizure is 3, pp. However, both lung anatomy and function and the antioxidant defense system do not mature until late in gestation, and therefore, very preterm infants often need . A. Placenta previa A. B. Fetal sleep cycle Optimizing the management of these pregnancies is of high priority to improve perinatal outcomes. More likely to be subjected to hypoxia, ***A woman being monitored externally has a suspected fetal arrhythmia. Premature ventricular contraction (PVC) Frequency of accelerations is likely to increase, although the amplitude may persist at only 10 beats above the baseline. B. Oxygenation By increasing fetal oxygen affinity Slowed conduction to sinoatrial node Lower, Which statement best describes the relationship between maternal and fetal hemoglobin levels? CTG of a fetus at 34 weeks of gestation: note baseline heart rate within the normal range, normal baseline variability with cycling. B. A. Norepinephrine release B. Cerebral cortex 11, no. Decrease FHR Deceleration patterns, European Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, vol. This is an open access article distributed under the. C. Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, All of the following are components of liability except C. Medulla oblongata, When the umbilical vessels traverse the membranes to the placenta without any cord protection, this is called B. Catecholamine Though the fetus and neonate have different hypoxia sensing mechanisms and respond differently to acute . _______ denotes an increase in hydrogen ions in the fetal blood. T/F: Baroreceptors are stretch receptors which respond to increases or decreases in blood pressure. Heart and lungs Spontaneous rupture of membranes occurs; fetal heart rate drops to 90 beats per minute for four minutes and then resumes a normal pattern. C. Delivery, Which intrinsic homeostatic response is the fetus demonstrating when abrupt variable decelerations are present? T/F: Fetal arrhythmias can be seen on both internal and external monitor tracings. Glucose is transferred across the placenta via _____ _____. Apply a fetal scalp electrode However, a combination of abnormalities or an observed deterioration in the features of the CTG should arouse suspicion of possible hypoxia and acidosis, even in this gestational group. C. No change, What affect does magnesium sulfate have on the fetal heart rate? A. Stimulation of fetal chemoreceptors B. Biophysical profile (BPP) score Several studies defined a critical threshold of <30% SpO2 persisting for greater than ten minutes as a predictor of fetal acidosis and poor neonatal outcome [13]. C. Mixed acidosis, pH 7.02 A fetus that demonstrates features of preterminal trace has exhausted all its reserves to combat hypoxia and hence immediate delivery is recommended [16]. Variability may also be decreased secondary to the effect of fetal tachycardia present in preterm fetuses. B. Several characteristics of FHR patterns are dependant on gestational age as they reflect the development and maturity of cardiac centres in the central nervous system as well as the cardiovascular system and, hence, differ greatly between a preterm and a term fetus. A. B. Negligence A. Extraovular placement Epub 2004 Apr 8. Pulmonary arterial pressure is the same as systemic arterial pressure. A. metabolic acidemia Increased peripheral resistance A recent Cochrane review found no evidence to support the use of antepartum CTG for improving perinatal outcomes, however; most of these studies lacked power and there was insufficient data to compare antenatal CTG testing on fetus less than 37 weeks compared to fetus of 37 or more completed weeks [2]. A. Baroreceptors; early deceleration Decrease, Central _______ are located in the medulla oblongata; peripheral _______ are found in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch. 34, no. C. Dysrhythmias, Which of the following fetal dysrhythmias may be related to maternal hyperthyroidism? C. Maternal. what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation. B. d. Gestational age. B. Langer, B. Carbonne, F. Goffinet, F. Le Gouff, N. Berkane, and M. Laville, Fetal pulse oximetry and fetal heart rate monitoring during stage II of labour, European Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, vol. A. B. Most fetuses tolerate this process well, but some do not. In the presence of a non-reassuring CTG trace, further testing in the form of fetal scalp blood sampling may aid in assessing fetal well-being. Discontinue Pitocin Which of the following interventions would be most appropriate? Base deficit Uterine contractions produce transient decreases in blood flow to the placenta, which can lead . T/F: Umbilical cord influences that can alter blood flow include true knots, hematomas, and number of umbilical vessels. Medications such as pethidine, magnesium sulphate and even steroids have also been associated with reduced fetal heart rate variability. C. Transient fetal asphyxia during a contraction, B. One of the important characteristics of fetal development is that, with the decrease in oxygen supply, the blood flow of other organs is rapidly redistributed to the brain and heart, increasing by 90 and 240%, respectively, a response that is similar in both preterm and near-term fetuses (Richardson et al., 1996). A steel rod of length 1.0000m1.0000 \mathrm{~m}1.0000m and cross-sectional area 5.00104m25.00 \cdot 10^{-4} \mathrm{~m}^25.00104m2 is placed snugly against two immobile end points. Positive A. Transient fetal hypoxemia during a contraction She is not short of breath, but c/o dizziness and nausea since they put her on the gurney. Place patient in lateral position Other possible factors that may contribute to onset of labour in this group include multiple gestations maternal risk factors such as increased maternal age, raised body mass index (BMI), or pregnancies conceived through in-vitro fertilization (IVF). B. d. Uterine anomalies, Which of the following conditions is not an indication for antepartum fetal surveillance? Based on her kick counts, this woman should B. C. Norepinephrine, Which of the following is responsible for variations in the FHR and fetal behavioral states? She then asks you to call a friend to come stay with her. 192202, 2009. In non-reassuring CTG traces, pulse oximetry was initially felt to provide a more sophisticated way of detecting adverse neonatal outcome. A balance between these two opposing nervous systems results in resting baseline fetal heart rate and baseline variability. This response is mediated through the somatic nervous system and represents fetal wellbeing [3]. B. 15-30 sec A. Doppler flow studies Only used with normal baseline rate and never during decels; not an intervention, Which of the following pieces of information would be of highest priority to relay to the neonatal team as they prepare for an emergency cesarean delivery? A. Presence of late decelerations in the fetal heart rate Cardiotocography analysis by empirical dynamic modeling and Gaussian processes. Umbilical cord blood gases were: pH 6.88, PCO2 114, PO2 10, bicarbonate 15, base excess (-) 20. A. Well-oxygenated fetal blood enters the _____ ventricle, which supplies the heart and brain. Practice PointsBaseline fetal heart rate and variability should be comparable to the term fetus and accelerations with an amplitude of greater than 15 beats from the baseline should be present as an indicator of fetal well-being. T/F: The parasympathetic nervous system is a cardioaccelerator. (T/F) There is a strong correlation between arterial cord blood gas results and Apgar scores. 1, pp. B. Betamethasone and terbutaline B. Preterm labor Acceleration 1, pp. A. Gardner DS, Jamall E, Fletcher AJ, Fowden AL, Giussani DA. C. Respiratory acidosis, As a contraction beings, partial umbilical cord compression causes occlusion of the low-pressure vein and decreased return of blood to the fetal heart, resulting in decreased CO, hypotension, and a compensatory FHR _____. pO2 2.1 Maximize placental blood flow A. Abnormal Overall clinical picture, including possibility of chorioamnionitis, should be considered, whilst managing these fetuses in labour. Excludes abnormal fetal acid-base status Fig. Which component of oxygen transport to the fetus could potentially be compromised by this bleeding? Features observed on a CTG trace reflect the functioning of somatic and autonomic nervous systems and the fetal response to hypoxic or mechanical insults . C. Metabolic acidosis. 7784, 2010. Preterm Birth. A. Acidosis 2023 Jan 13;13:1056679. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1056679. In addition, with ongoing development of the autonomic nervous system, variability should often be within the normal range. 1975;45 1 :96-100.Google ScholarPubMed 2 Chan, WH, Paul, RH, Toews, . Download scientific diagram | Myocyte characteristics. In cases of pre-term prelabour rupture of membranes, maternal infection and the risk of chorioamnionitis should not be overlooked. Which of the following fetal systems bear the greatest influence on fetal pH? Two umbilical arteries flow from the fetus to the placenta, A patient presents with a small amount of thick dark blood clots who denies pain and whose abdomen is soft to the touch. B. Y. Sorokin, L. J. Dierker, S. K. Pillay, I. E. Zador, M. L. Shreiner, and M. G. Rosen, The association between fetal heart rate patterns and fetal movements in pregnancies between 20 and 30 weeks' gestation, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. Angiotensin II and cardiovascular chemoreflex responses to acute hypoxia in late gestation fetal sheep. The oxygen pathway Fetal oxygenation involves - (1) the transfer of oxygen from the environment to the fetus, and - (2) the fetal response to interruption of oxygen transfer 4 5. T/F: Corticosteroid administration may cause an increase in FHR. Premature ventricular contraction (PVC), Which is the most common type of fetal dysrhythmia? B. C. Lowering the baseline, In a fetal heart rate tracing with marked variability, which of the following is likely the cause? Fetal P a O 2 Peripheral chemoreflex Abstract A distinctive pattern of recurrent rapid falls in fetal heart rate, called decelerations, are commonly associated with uterine contractions during labour. Saturation Negative Children (Basel). Uterine overdistension The labor has been uneventful, and the fetal heart tracings have been normal. Some studies report a higher incidence of adverse outcome following a tracing with reduced variability compared to the presence of decelerations [8]. 1998 Mar 15;507 ( Pt 3)(Pt 3):857-67. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.857bs.x. The response was similar in both infants and adults with a time lag at the beginning of blood interruption, a subsequent linear decrease, a time lag at the end of blood interruption, and an . B. Atrial fibrillation This results in parasympathetic activation leading to a fall in heart rate, which is protracted and takes longer to recover to baseline rate. Xanthine oxidase and the fetal cardiovascular defence to hypoxia in late gestation ovine pregnancy. B. Features observed on a CTG trace reflect the functioning of somatic and autonomic nervous systems and the fetal response to hypoxic or mechanical insults during labour. B. The dominance of the parasympathetic nervous system Based on current scientific evidence, a CTG is not recommended in the UK as a method of routine fetal assessment of the preterm fetus (<37 weeks gestation) and currently no clinical practice guidelines on intrapartum monitoring of the preterm fetus exist in the UK The International Federation of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians (FIGO) guidelines for interpretation of intrapartum cardiotocogram distinguish 2 levels of abnormalities, suspicious and pathological, however, the gestation to which such criteria can be applied has not been specified. Includes quantification of beat-to-beat changes C. Nifedipine, A. Digoxin C. Narcotic administration C. Respiratory alkalosis; metabolic alkalosis B. A. Respiratory acidosis Background and Objectives: Prematurity is currently a serious public health issue worldwide, because of its high associated morbidity and mortality. Recent ephedrine administration Reduction in fetal baseline variability in the preterm fetus has been described, however this has not been quantified. Marked variability T/F: Low amplitude contractions are not an early sign of preterm labor. A. Abruptio placenta _______ is defined as the energy-releasing process of metabolism. A. Metabolic acidosis Hence, a preterm fetus may suffer a hypoxic insult sooner than its term counterpart. Category I The fetal heart rate (FHR) pattern helps to distinguish the former from the latter as it is an indirect marker of fetal cardiac and central nervous system responses to changes in blood . B. Supraventricular tachycardias 4: Schematic presentation using oxygenation to optimize lung volume in preterm infants. C. Chemoreceptors; early deceleration, The primary physiologic goal of interventions for late decelerations is to A. Fetal hypoxia C. 240-260, In a patient with oxytocin-induced tachysystole with normal fetal heart tones, which of the following should be the nurse's initial intervention? With passage of time, continuation of this hypoxic insult will lead to acidaemia, loss of initial compensatory hypertensive response, and may proceed to cause permanent cerebral injury. Etiology of a baseline FHR of 165bpm occurring for the last hour can be: The most prevalent risk factor associated with fetal death before the onset of labor is: B. D5L/R C. Hypercapnia, _______ _______ occurs when there is low bicarbonate (base excess) in the presence of normal pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) values. B. Practice PointsSurvival dramatically increases beyond 28 weeks as the fetal organs are relatively mature and there is significant improvement in fetal neurological development. A. This is because physiological maturity of the cardiovascular system and the neural control of the fetal heart rate during this gestational period is similar to that of a term fetus (Figure 3). Although, National Guidelines on electronic fetal monitoring exist for term fetuses, there is paucity of recommendations based on scientific evidence for monitoring preterm fetuses during labour. A. Decreased blood perfusion from the fetus to the placenta After rupture of membranes and once the cervix is adequately dilated (>3cm), sampling a small amount of blood from the fetal scalp can be used to measure pH or lactate and thus detect acidosis. B. B. There are potential concerns regarding the reduced thickness of the developing structures of the fetal scalp, immature coagulation system, as well as wider separation of skull bones, all of which may increase the risk of complications. Misan N, Michalak S, Kapska K, Osztynowicz K, Ropacka-Lesiak M, Kawka-Paciorkowska K. Int J Mol Sci. B. PCO2 This is interpreted as However, studies have shown that higher fetal hemoglobin levels in preterm neonates did not affect cerebral rSO 2 or FTOE values[30,31]. Smoking Premature atrial contractions (PACs) Design Case-control study. Right ventricular pressure, 70/4 mmHg, is slightly greater (1 to 2 mmHg) than left ventricular pressure. These findings are likely to reflect fetal immaturity, as the basal heart rate is the result of counteraction between parasympathetic, and sympathetic systems [5]. These flow changes along with increased catecholamine secretions have what effect on fetal blood pressure and fetal heart rate? B. Hypoxia related to neurological damage Impaired placental circulation B. Macrosomia Sympathetic nervous system 32, pp. The authors declare no conflict of interests. 1, pp. A. Lactated Ringer's solution Recent epidural placement This refers to alternative periods of activity and quiescence characterized by segments of increased variability (with or without accelerations) interspersed with apparent reduction in variability. The oxygen and nutrients subsequently diffuse from the blood into the interstitial fluid and then into the body cells. C. Repeat CST in 24 hours, For a patient at 38 weeks' gestation with a BPP score of 6, select the most appropriate course of action. S. M. Baird and D. J. Ruth, Electronic fetal monitoring of the preterm fetus, Journal of Perinatal and Neonatal Nursing, vol. C. Oxygen at 10L per nonrebreather face mask. Amino acids, water-soluble vitamins, calcium, phosphorus, iron, and iodine are transferred across the placenta via _____ _____. Transient fetal hypoxemia during a contraction, Assessment of FHR variability E. Chandraharan and S. Arulkumaran, Intrapartum assessment of fetal health, in Current Obstetrics & Gynaecology, G. M. Mukherjee, Ed., Jaypee Brothers, 2007. The rationale of fetal heart rate monitoring in this cohort is to monitor the fetus in labour with an aim to identify intrapartum hypoxia and intervene if required. Chain of command T/F: Corticosteroid administration may cause an increase in FHR accelerations. Home; are flights to cuba cancelled today; what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation The dominance of the sympathetic nervous system Category II Marked variability Respiratory acidosis B. A. A. Joy A. Shepard, PhD, RN-BC, CNE Joyce Buck, PhD(c), MSN, RN-BC, CNE 1 2. The placenta accepts the blood without oxygen from the fetus through blood vessels that leave the fetus . Provide oxygen via face mask B. C. Increase in fetal heart rate, Which of the following is responsible for fetal muscle coordination? There are various reasons why oxygen deprivation happens. B. C. pH 7.02, PO2 18, PCO2 56, HCO3 15, BE -18, A. pH 7.17, PO2 22, PCO2 70, HCO3 24, BE -5, Which of the following is most likely to result in absent end diastolic flow during umbilical artery velocimetry? Continue counting for one more hour What is fetal hypoxia? C. Umbilical cord entanglement Zizzo AR, Hansen J, Peteren OB, Mlgaard H, Uldbjerg N, Kirkegaard I. Physiol Rep. 2022 Nov;10(22):e15458. T/F: Fetal tachycardia is a normal compensatory response to transient fetal hypoxemia. INTRODUCTION Normal human labor is characterized by regular uterine contractions, which cause repeated transient interruptions of fetal oxygenation. 2016 Mar 1;594(5):1247-64. doi: 10.1113/JP271091. According to NICE guidelines, fetal blood sampling is recommended in the presence of pathological CTG (Table 2). A premature ventricular contraction (PVC) Myocardium of a preterm fetus has less stored glycogen with increased water content and also the epicardial-endocardial interphase is much smaller than a term fetus. C. Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), B. B. Hence, fetal monitoring is recommended in this gestational group.Although, electronic fetal monitoring guidelines for term fetuses cannot be directly applied to preterm fetuses in labour, baseline rate and variability are often comparable to that of the term fetus. Much of our understanding of the fetal physiological response to hypoxia comes from experiments . Its dominance results in what effect to the FHR baseline? Fetal circulation, unlike postnatal circulation, involves the umbilical cord and placental blood vessels which carry fetal blood between the fetus and the placenta . Within this cohort, the risk of neonatal morbidity and mortality secondary to prematurity is significantly reduced with good survival outcomes. With advancing gestational age, there is a gradual decrease in baseline fetal heart rate [4]. C. Notify the attending midwife or physician, C. Notify the attending midwife or physician, Which IV fluid is most appropriate for maternal administration for intrauterine resuscitation? A. what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation. Would you like email updates of new search results? A. The present study provides evidence that prolonged fetal inflammation during pregnancy induces neurovascular abnormalities in the cerebral cortex and white matter of preterm fetal sheep. B. Obstet Gynecol. Interruption of the pathway of oxygen transfer from the environment to the fetus caused by a uterine contraction with reduced perfusion of the intervillous space of the placenta can result in a late deceleration (utero-placental insufficiency). Variable and late decelerations should be classified according to NICE guidelines and appropriate action should be taken. Breach of duty Normal what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation. They may have fewer accels, and if <35 weeks, may be 10x10 HCO3 4.0 D. Parasympathetic nervous system. PO2 17 The pattern lasts 20 minutes or longer, Vagal stimulation would be manifested as what type of fetal heart rate pattern? C. Administer IV fluid bolus, A. B. Understanding these normal physiological characteristics is key in correctly interpreting fetal heart rate patterns. B. C. Metabolic acidosis, _______ _______ occurs when the HCO3 concentration is higher than normal. B. Gestational age, meconium, arrhythmia Respiratory acidosis; metabolic acidosis, Decreased intervillious exchange of oxygenated blood resulting in fetal hypoxia is typically present in _______. B. Umbilical vein compression A. Arrhythmias 2. Good intraobserver reliability 7.26 Reducing lactic acid production B. mixed acidemia Pre-term fetus may exhibit accelerations with a peak of only 10 beats per minute lasting for 10 seconds [6]. C. Increased maternal HR, Which of the following is not commonly caused by nifedipine administration? Term newborns should begin at 21% oxygen (room air oxygen concentration), whereas preterm babies should be started at a higher oxygen concentration, such as 30% (Kattwinkel et al., 2010). Respiratory alkalosis; metabolic acidosis Decrease maternal oxygen consumption PCO2 72 As the neonatal outcome is largely determined by the gestational maturity and fetal weight, operative intervention is likely to increase maternal morbidity and mortality without significantly improving perinatal survival. As the fetus develops beyond 30 weeks, the progressive increase in the parasympathetic influence on fetal heart rate results in a gradual lowering of baseline rate. As described by Sorokin et al. 's level of consciousness and respiratory effort significantly improve, allowing her to be extubated. 4, pp. A. Decreases variability B. Increasing variability Green LR, McGarrigle HH, Bennet L, Hanson MA. baseline FHR. C. Increased variable decelerations, Which of the following is not commonly caused by terbutaline administration? Giussani DA, Spencer JA, Moore PJ, Bennet L, Hanson MA. C. Dysrhythmias, _____ are abnormal FHR rhythms associated with disordered impulse formation, conduction, or both. . Prepare for cesarean delivery A. Repeat in 24 hours C. Atrioventricular node A. Features of CTG classification into nonreassuring and reassuring (as outlined in Table 1) according to NICE guidelines could be considered. Decreased C. 30-60 sec, A woman who is 34 weeks' gestation is counting fetal movements each day. C. Shifting blood to vital organs, Which factor influences blood flow to the uterus? C. Category III, Which of the following is not a likely cause of a sinusoidal FHR pattern? Whether this also applies to renal rSO 2 is still unknown. C. Prepare for probable induction of labor, C. Prepare for probable induction of labor. Positive Base deficit 16 B. Initiate magnesium sulfate Obtain physician order for CST In a normally grown fetus, acidosis in response to hypoxia could take up to 90 minutes to develop, however, in growth retarded or preterm fetuses, acidosis may develop more quickly, and one should therefore have a lower threshold for intervention. B. A. This technology is based on analyzing the ST segment of the fetal myocardium for ischaemic changes during fetal hypoxia as well as determining the ratio between the T wave and QRS complex (T/QRS Ratio) of the fetal ECG.
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