He wanted his court poets to interpret the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana, and Mahabharata into the Persian language. Such striking historical details aside, the preeminent fact is that Kalhanas is a literary text of extraordinary merit. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. In 1343 CE, Sultan Jamshid suffered a defeat by his brother who ascended the throne as Sultan Alau'd-Din in 1347 CE. Kavya as a genre has had a prominent place in traditional Malayalam poetics, so the austere aesthetics of Kalhanas work will strike a chord with readers, particularly those with a yen for that stimulating mixture of Sanskrit and Malayalam of yore, termed Manipravala. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Little is known about him except from what he tells us about himself in the opening verses of his book. In subsequent years, through his tact and ability Shah Mir rose to prominence and became one of the most important personalities of his time. Verse 7. Kalhana also states that this king had adopted the doctrine of Jina, constructed stupas and Shiva temples, and appeased Bhutesha (Shiva) to obtain his son Jalauka. . Although inaccurate in its chronology, the book still provides an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and has been widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers. The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. He was deposed by rebellious ministers, and granted asylum by a neighboring king. Son of Lalitapida and his concubine Jayadevi. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. Uninvolved by and by in the frenzy of contemporary legislative issues, he was significantly impacted by it and expressed the accompanying. [15], He was the only Shah Mir ruler to keep Hindu courtiers in his court. and is known in general as a publisher willing to take chances with nontraditional It is by late Vidwan T.K. translator of the Rajataragini. Made king by Mamma and Yashovarman. For instance, Marcus Aurel Stein (1900) thought the way of talking and instructional pieces of the Rajatarangini that were in kvya style was essentially detached with the story legitimate, which was recorded, while Buhler arraigned the retreat to legend and fantasy as delivering the sequence of a huge piece of the message worthless and its creator suspect. [28] He was defeated by Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin at Thanna with the help of Jasrath Khokhar, a chieftain from Pothohar Plateau. In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided into eight books called Tarangas (waves). His half-brother Vijaymalla rebelled against him, and got Harsha released from prison. Request Permissions. elsewhere. Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Son of Lalitaditya and Kamaladevi. [12] These kings ruled Kashmir for 192years. The famous story of Nala and Damayanti was also rendered into Persian by Faizi and was . After the Utpala dynasty, a Yashaskara became king (V.469). The relative 0 0 Similar questions Was this answer helpful? Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. Unacademy is Indias largest online learning platform. In 1380 C.E. From the Pen of Jonarja, Court Pait to Suln Zayn al-bidn. His flatters instigated him against his minister Sandhimati. Compared to translations in other languages, Raman Menons craft is remarkable for its lucidity and elegance. Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. Deposed by Tantrin soldiers, who had earlier served as the royal bodyguards. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. The broad valley of Kashmir, also spelled Cashmere[2] is almost completely surrounded by the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal range. In recent years, it has developed its strongest reputation Abu 'l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonaraja's Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni translated into Persian at Akbar's orders. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Critically Edited by Walter Slaje with an Annotated Translation, Indexes and Maps. Gonandiya Baladitya made his officer in charge of fodder, Durlabhavardhana (III.489) his son-in-law because he was handsome. In 1574, Akbar started an Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in his new capital of Fatehpur Sikri. . ). it was brilliantly prepared for the work. } When did the capital of India shift from Kolkata to New Delhi? Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. After Vikramadityas death, Matrigupta abdicated the throne in favour of Pravarasena. Sultan Shihabud-din did not have a large number of soldiers to battle against the Kashgar army. [3] The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided between eight books called tarangas ("waves"). Has data issue: true The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Kalhana appears to made little attempt to determine the actual sequence of rule of the kings and dynasties he recorded). Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. He called back the Hindus who left Kashmir during his father's reign. After an Abhimanyu, we come to the main Gonandiya dynasty, founded by Gonanda III. The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. [18] Iinternal rebellions were ably suppressed. Rajatharangini promises to arouse a great deal of interest among readers. It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Later, in the time of Firuz, Sanskrit books on medicine and music were translated into Persian. "useRatesEcommerce": false Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. [citation needed], He was the next Sultan of Kashmir. It has multiple dimensions, such as the aureole of antiquity, the grandeur of epic, the cachet of Sanskritic literary canons, the singular distinction as an ancient Indian historical chronicle and the uniqueness that it embodies as representation of a vital part of Indian selfhood. An astrologer prophesied that his son-in-law would succeed him as the king. The Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini was translated into Persian. Rajatarangini in Scholarship The most widely known Rajatarangini (River of Kings) - and the one on which the English translations discussed here are based - is a Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana Pandit dating to 1148-49 AD.1 It is written in verse in the Sanskrit kavya style and divided into eight cantos (or tarangas ), which number close to 8,000 . Son of Vijaya: his "long arms reached to his knees". Updates? Translation of "puhdas" into Persian . The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy, Supreme Court forms expert panel to probe any regulatory failure on Adani issue, India makes renewed push for consensus at G20 Foreign Ministers meeting, Hindenburg Research report on Adani Group | Supreme Court verdict on expert committee on March 2, High debt on Vedanta books puts investors on tenterhooks, Employees Provident Fund: How to activate UAN online, 1947: Madras Devadasis (Prevention of Dedication) Act passed, RMA 0-1 FCB, El Clasico highlights: Barcelona leads on aggregate after beating Real Madrid courtesy of a Militao own goal. The polar ends of the subcontinent that these two regions represent have been lyrically evoked in the familiar poetic description of himavatsethuparyanthaam. Despite these stated principles, and despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity and a few inconsistencies in the earlier chapters of his book, especially the first three books. The chronicles only start to align with other evidence by book IV. Verse 7. the Kambojs [12] Kashmiri scholar N. K. Zutshi, having critically examined the sources, reconciles the two versions by noting that the Persian chronicles mentions Swadgir rather than Swat, which he interprets as Swadgabar, meaning "suburbs of Gabar", which coincides with Jonaraja's description of Panchagahvara-Simani (on the borders of Panchagagvara). In this article, we will learn about the great ruler, Razia sultan, and the monument, Alai Darwaza. His father Champaka was the minister (Lord of the Gate) in Harsha of Kashmir's court. His son Jayendra was followed by Samdhimati-Aryaraja (34 BCE-17 CE) who had the soul of Jayendra's minister Sandhimati. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, a social and educational reformer, was an idealist who contributed immensely in eradicating social evils prevalent in the society during the 18th century.He was popularly known as "Father of Modern India". He wrote the work in Sanskrit between 1148 and 1149. This quarterly has been published regularly since Kalhana wrote it was brilliantly prepared for the work. Rajatarangini is more aptly described as meta history. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. He subdued several enemies. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. Son of Sukhavarman. There too, legend is mixed with reality, and Toramana Huna is incorporated into the line of Meghavahana. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Among original compositions in Persian, historical literature easily occupied the first place. European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards called the Rajatarangini the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Some of the architectural projects commissioned by the dynasty in Kashmir include: Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar. Like other translations of the work, it is in prose. Raman Menon, an erudite scholar in both Sanskrit and Malayalam during his time. Verse 11. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. Nephew of Didda. It exposes its own biases instead", "Review of Kingship in Kamr (AD11481459). The actual power was in hands of Jayadevi's brothers Padma, Utpalaka, Kalyana, Mamma and Dharmma. He reigned for three years and five months from 1339 to 1342 CE. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? In the Karkota family, Lalitapida had a concubine, a daughter of a Kalyapala (IV.678). Kalhaa's account of Kashmir begins with the legendary reign of Gonarda, who was contemporary to Yudhishthira of the Mahbhrata, but the recorded history of Kashmir, as retold by Kalhaa begins from the period of the Mauryas. Rajatarangini . Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the Kalhana Rajatarangini is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Made in Kasmir, Rajputana, and Central India, Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Invoking the Past: The Uses of History in South Asia, The King of Controversy: History and Nation-Making in Late Colonial India, The Frail Hero and Virile History: Gender and the Politics of Culture in Colonial Bengal, Vernacular Histories in Late Nineteenth-Century Banaras: Folklore, Puranas and the New Antiquarianism, Indian Economic and Social History Review, Creative Pasts: Historical Memory and Identity in Western India, 17001960, The Making of an Indian Nationalist Archive: Lakshmibai, Jhansi, and 1857, Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament: Perspectives on South Asia, Kings of Kashmira: Being a Translation of the Sanskrita Work Rajatarangini of Kahlana Pandita, Kings of Kashmira: A Translation of the Sanskrita Work of Jonaraja, Shrivara and of Prajyabhatta and Shuka, History of KashmiraA Contribution Towards Ancient Indian History, Politics and Society during the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib, Translation and the Colonial Imaginary: Ibn Khaldun Orientalist, The BJP's Intellectual Agenda: Textbooks and Imagined History, A Critical Study of Indo-Persian Literature: During Sayyid and Lodi Period, 14141526, Hindu Polity: A Constitutional History of India in Hindu Times, Bangalore Printing and Publishing Company, The Unhappy Consciousness: Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay and the Formation of Nationalist Discourse in India, Pretexts and Paratexts: The Art of the Peripheral, The Question of History in Precolonial India, Siting Translation: History, Post-Structuralism, and the Colonial Context, The Hindi Public Sphere, 19201940: Language and Literature in the Age of Nationalism, Rajatarangini: The Saga of the Kings of Kasmir, The Scope of Happiness: A Personal Memoir, Aurel Stein in Kashmir: The Sanskritist of Mohand Marg, Invisible Women, Visible Histories: Gender, Society, and Polity in North India, Seventh to Twelfth Century AD, Textures of Time: Writing History in South India, 16001800, Defining the Household: Some Aspects of Prescription and Practice in Early India, Turbulent Waves: Construction of Gender Relations in the, Negotiating India's Past: Essays in Memory of Partha Sarathi Gupta, History as Conceived by the Ancient Hindu and Other Nations, Ancient Indian Historiography: Sources and Interpretations, Medieval Kashmir and the Science of History, South Asia Institute, University of Texas, Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kasmir, Imperial Encounters: Religion and Modernity in India and Britain, Studies of the Kashmir Council of Research. Download our apps to start learning, Call us and we will answer all your questions about learning on Unacademy. Sussala's son. issues of East, South, and Southeast Asia, as well as a large book review The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Accordingly, translation was no longer confined solitary to an isolated linguistic context and the socio-cultural aspects of translation were emphasized. Defeated the Tantrins with help of Damara feudal lords. Shivajis Guru was Shree Samarth Ramdas was a noted 17th-century saint and spiritual poet of Maharashtra. May 29, 2021 04:35 pm | Updated July 06, 2022 12:26 pm IST. Jizya was abolished too in his command. Deposed by his half-brother Sangramapida. He ascended the throne reluctantly, at the request of his guru Ishana. His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. Usurped the throne, claiming to be a descendant of Yashaskara. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. Unreliable Sources - The chronicles include those of Tahir, Haidar Malik, Rafiu'd Din Ahmad and Muhammad A'azam. Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini translated into Persian. 3 Who was the last king of Gonanda dynasty? The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. In 1540, the Sultanate was briefly interrupted when Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat, a Chagatai Turco-Mongol military general attacked and occupied Kashmir. section. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. Kalhana states that Lalitaditya Muktapida conquered the tribes of the north and after defeating the. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [citation needed]. He devoted his time to sensual pleasures, and neglected royal duties. The Hindi translation of Pandeya Ram Tej is another well-acclaimed book. Uchchala's step-brother; became the king after Radda's death. How do people make money on survival on Mars? A town named Shihabud-dinpura aka Shadipur was founded by him. university presses. Introduction: The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. 23 February 2011. Jonaraja in his Dvitiya Rajatara? Eventually a Pratapaditya, a relative of Vikrmaditya (not the Shakari) became king (II.6). The Lohara family was founded by a Nara of Darvabhisara (IV.712). As the result of the decline in linguistic oriented approaches, Translation Studies witnessed a move towards a more descriptive and cultural direction in the 1990s. It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. Little is known about the author Kalhana (c. 12th century CE), apart from what is written in the book. Another television serial based on this work has been completed by National Award winning director, Jyoti Sarup. Verse 13. The version was entitled Behr-ul-Asmar, (or the sea of tales). The list of kings goes back to the 19th century BCE. There are several discrepancies between the Ashoka mentioned in Kalhana's account and the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dialects were subtle there from the northwest inside the overdue Bronze Ag. [21][25] However, Sikandar was also the first Kashmiri ruler to convert destroyed temples into Islamic shrines, and such a display of supremacy probably had its origins in religious motivations. a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. He also got the Mahabharata and Rajatarangini. These include: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. The Shah Mir dynasty was a dynasty that ruled the region of Kashmir in the Indian subcontinent. The work generally records the heritage of Kashmir, but 120 verses of Rjatarangi describe the misrule prevailing in Kashmir during the reign of King Kalash, son of King Ananta Deva of Kashmir. thirty journals, primarily in the humanities and social sciences, though it The Shah Mir Sultanate and other South Asian polities, circa 1400 CE. Sikander Lodi was succeeded on the throne in 1489. TranslationsRajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order.There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit Horace Hayman Wilson, secretary of The Asiatic Society of Bengal in the early 19th century, and the first English. During his reign, the Mlechchhas (possibly, According to historical evidence, Mihirakula's predecessor was. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. Verse 15. He was said to belong to the family of an ancestor called Partha, who was described as a second Partha (an allusion to the Mahabharata hero Arjuna). He was a great-grandson of a Viradeva, a Kutumbi (V.469). According to Jogesh Chander Dutt's calculation, this year corresponds to 2448 BCE. Corrections? Deposed his half-brother to become the king, but died after a week. Established the city of. 10-year-old child of Nirjitavarman; placed on throne by the Tantrins. Kalhaa's account also states that the city of Srinagar was founded by the Mauryan emperor, Ashoka, and that Buddhism reached the Kashmir valley during this period. Look through examples of translation in sentences, listen to pronunciation and learn grammar. Is domestic violence against men Recognised in India? Copyright 2019 Sawaal.com | All Rights Reserved. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. Owing to the pervasive distraction of COVID-19, Malayalam readers may have missed a notable event: the first translation into their language of a 12th century Sanskrit classic, [a] He thinks it more likely that he was a descendant of Turkish or Persian immigrants to Swat, who had intermarried with local indigenous peoples. Died young. Uninvolved personally in the maelstrom of contemporary politics, he nevertheless was profoundly affected by it and stated the following to be his ideal: That noble-minded poet alone merits praise whose word, like the sentence of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in recording the past. The earliest reference to the Kambojas is around the 5th century BCE. Gopikrishna Shastri (Ujjain) also translated the work into. Total loading time: 0 It covers the whole range of history in Kashmir from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. Since the battle was motive-less for the Delhi Sultanate peace concluded between them on a condition that all the territories from Sirhind to Kashmir belong to the Shah Mir empire. He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. Kalhana in his opening Taranga of Rajatarangini presents his views on how history ought to be written. There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Book III starts with an account of the reign of Meghavahana of the restored line of Gonanda and refers to the brief reign of Matrigupta, a supposed contemporary of Vikramaditya Harsha of Malwa. The Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini were translated into Persian by his order. Kashmira Kerala paryanthaamganatantrenashasssitam, Rakshayantujanaasarve, ekachhatramimaammaheem (From Kashmir to Kerala extending and governed by democracy, may all the people protect this lands sovereign unity). Son of Durlabhavardhana and Anangalekha. We also know about the person who built Alai Darwaza and much more about the topic. He was also called the Lalitaditya of Medieval Kashmir as he erected many mosques and monasteries. As history of Kashmir, it has its undoubted deficiencies in terms of conventional chronology and the complex tapestry of myth and legend that it has largely woven together as content, but then And with that touchstone, Kalhanas work can truly lay claim to an important place in world literature itself. Hence the correct answer is Option B. November 1941, offering Asianists a wealth of information unavailable [5] According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha epic poem The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old-style language, Sanskrit.
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