[This is a confident answer because it selects two reasons and links them together, showing a clear conceptual focus as well as wide-ranging knowledge]. Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and . The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Boston Spa, This attack proved to be a major setback for Spanish preparation for the Armada. Queen Elizabeth showed no mercy to the rebels and the Earl of Northumberland along with 400 rebel troops were executed while the Earl of Westmorland fled abroad. [This summary of factors helps re- establish conceptual focus]. There were French troops in Scotland, and this posed a problem for Elizabeth and the security of England because England was still technically at war with France. Spain had become a great military power as Phillip ruled Spain, the Netherlands and parts of Italy. Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17th November 1558 to 24th March 1603. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. Elizabeth I - the last Tudor monarch - was born at Greenwich on 7 September 1533, the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Mary Queen of Scots was married to . This was a huge sum of money, especially when you consider the annual income of the Crown was approximately 286,000. In 1554 Mary had Elizabeth imprisoned in the Tower of London, briefly threatened her with execution, and then placed her under house arrest. - The threat increased by the fact that Spain and France were catholic, but Elizabeth had chosen to move her country towards Protestantism. The threat posed by the pretenders Perkin Warbeck and Lambert Simnel. Humiliatingly, Elizabeth had to confirm the loss of Calais, which had been an English possession since 1347. If those Catholics decided to rebel against . Instead, her goal was to ensure freedom of worship for Dutch Protestants and protect Englands Military, commercial and strategic interests listed above. English exports to Europe were vital to the English economy and reached the European market via the Dutch ports, particularly Antwerp. What made the Auld Alliance stronger at this time was the fact that Mary, Queen of Scots was married to the French Prince Francis II. While a baby is born at various points throughout the show, Francis is not its father. After his death, his two sons Harold and Hardicanute took over the throne in succession. As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . When are the GCSE exams for 2020?Which exam board are you studying? She was reluctant to execute Mary as she was Queen of Scotland and she believed in Divine Right that rulers were sent by God to govern their country. July 31st: Battle of Plymouth two Spanish ships were captured. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. 1534 Duke of Angoulme (third son of Francis I)c1542 A Prince of Portugal1543 Son of the Earl of Arran 1544 Prince Philip (Philip II) 1547 Sir Thomas Seymour 1552 Prince of Denmark 1553 Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire 1554 Philibert Emanuel, Duke of Savoy 1554 Prince of Denmark 1556 Prince Eric of Sweden 1556 Don Carlos (son of Philip II)1559 Philip II 1559 Prince Eric of Sweden 1559 Son of John Frederic, Duke of Saxony 1559 Sir William Pickering 1559 Earl of Arran 1559 Henry Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel 1559 Robert Dudley 1560 King Eric of Sweden 1560 Adolphus, Duke of Holstein 1560 King Charles IX 1560 Henry, Duke of Anjou 1566 Robert Dudley 1568 Archduke Charles 1570 Henry Duke of Anjou 1572- 1584 Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Anjou. Native American hostility occurred from the start, however. How To Revise For GCSE Psychology Step-by-Step, Chapter 3:Elizabethan society in the Age of Exploration, 155888. This was due to the actions of her father, Henry VIII, in 1533. Francis Drake is knighted on the Golden Hind. The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. Phillip II of Spain proposed marriage to Elizabeth. From 1574, with the help of the Pope, Catholic priests were also being smuggled into England to continue the spread of the Catholic faith. Boston House, Despite the failure of 1585, another attempt to colonise Virginia took place. Approximately 30 ships were destroyed and tonnes of supplies were also seized including food and weapons. Elizabeth's parents, Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Many northern nobles were still committed Catholics and wanted to see the restoration of Catholicism under a Catholic monarch. Philip IIs decision to reorganise the Dutch government and church angered both the Dutch Catholics and the Protestants. - I partly agree with the statement as both France and Spain were powerful Catholic countries, who could unite against Protestant England. Level 4 is about analysis supported by a detailed line of reasoning, so embracing counter-arguments like this are encouraged (so long as they can be explained).]. In 1568 Elizabeth also controversially stole gold from Spanish ships (which was loaned from Genoese banks to fund the Spanish army, against the Dutch rebels) that were staying at English ports. Edward was succeeded by Mary, who in turn ruled for five years until her death in 1558. The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. During Drakes raid, he captured more than 1000 tons of planks made from seasoned wood, which was needed to make the barrels used to carry food and water. Crucially, when the Spanish ships docked in English ports, the gold was seized by Elizabeth. . Moreover, to raise money Elizabeth would have to make the immediately-unpopular decision of raising taxes, the permission for which would need to be granted by parliament (which, in turn, could then make further demands on Elizabeth). Overview of Elizabeth I / Surviving colonists abandon Virginia and return to England. For two weeks of the second half of November, Catholic mass was heard at Durham Cathedral too (with all evidence of Protestantism destroyed). As the Spanish had lost these to Drake, they were forced to make their barrels from unseasoned wood, which couldnt preserve food or water very well. English canons could also be reloaded more quickly than the Spanish ones allowing them to inflict greater damage. Medina Sidonia decided to retreat back to Spain and call off the attack on England. William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, Burghley also spelled Burleigh, also called (1551-71) Sir William Cecil, (born Sept. 13, 1520, Bourne, Lincolnshire, Eng.died Aug. 5, 1598, London), principal adviser to England's Queen Elizabeth I through most of her reign. 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Calais was a French port which the English had occupied and was responsible for 80% of wool exports. Importantly too, Elizabeths fear of the Auld Alliance was heightened by the fact that the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, had declared herself the legitimate Queen of England (owing to the fact that she was Elizabeths second cousin and the granddaughter of Henry VIIIs sister Margaret) and she had the support of many English Catholics. Dedicated to. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. Another serious contender was Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Duke of Anjou. He also had a big empire in North and South America and by 1581, he had also become King of Portugal which gave him control of the important Atlantic port of Lisbon. Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland was part of the Rising in the North in 1569. Therefore, France controlled the whole of the northern coastline and posed a major threat to England. Continue with Recommended Cookies. During the 1570s, England was starting to have ambitions of establishing an empire of its own and had hoped to become an imperial power that could rival Spain. A significant amount of the Spanish troops lacked the experience of naval warfare, whereas the English fleet was manned by experienced sailors. Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook. She changed the church back to Anglican and it has been the official . Although her small kingdom was threatened by grave internal divisions, Elizabeth's blend of shrewdness, courage, and majestic self-display inspired ardent expressions of loyalty and helped unify the nation against foreign enemies. Spain and France were the major European powers. "The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child that I have ever seen," King Henry II of France proclaimed soon after meeting his new charge (Mary of Guise had stayed in Scotland to rule . In total, less than 10000 men and half the fleet made it back to Spain. This partly explained why harsher treatment of Catholics occurred soon after, led by the Council of the North. [Blog], Medicine Community Feedback and Suggestions, 2023 entry A100 / A101 Medicine fastest and slowest offer senders, Borders & Enforcement, Immigration Enforcement - Immigration Officer June 22, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread. Norfolk was also expected to marry Mary. Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland was part of the rebellion against Queen Elizabeth. Who we are Changelog Terms of Service Privacy Policy FAQ Sitemap, Psychology History Sociology Business Studies, Psychology Sociology Business Studies Mathematics, Latest Posts Resources Workbooks Past Papers. JPs provided the able-bodied with raw materials (like wool) to make items to sell. Italian bankers from Genoa had lent Philip II money to fund his campaign in the Netherlands (which was trying to put down the Dutch Revolt). This risked provoking King Phillip further and to avoid this, Elizabeth forced Dudley to resign his position immediately. Their complete failure effectively ended any threat Spain posed to the English. She's regarded as one of the greatest monarchs of England. When Mary, Queen of Scots arrived in England in 1568, replacing Elizabeth with Mary became a realistic possibility. The plot was uncovered whilst Ridolfi was abroad (he never returned). Elizabeth was inheriting a terrible situation, which she had to sort out. Dudleys campaign in 1586-1587 proved to be unsuccessful and he suffered heavy defeats at the hands of the Spanish general, the. Elizabeth and James VI agreed to maintain Protestantism as their respective countries religion. Henry believed that Elizabeth wanted France to go to war with Spain while England looked on and would benefit from the probable weakening of both. Mary was forced to flee following her unsuccessful attempt to win back her Scottish throne. Manage Settings Naval support by the English proved to be more effective for the Dutch rebels and a fleet of English ships patrolled the Dutch coastline to prevent the Spanish from landing some of their forces by sea. There was broad support for the new Settlement and very few refused to take the oath of loyalty to the queen. [This last point is important and often students dont embrace the anomalies for fear that it will undermine their argument. - Threats of invasion or Elizabeth's authority were made worse by her financial situation. The Netherlands had been part of the Spanish empire since the 1550s. - rebelling of scottish lords. Reigned: queen of England and Ireland for 44 years, from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). Marys presence in England posed an on-going threat as she had a strong claim to the throne herself. The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. The death of Mary in November 1558 took England out of the equation. Many reasons led to discontent between Spain and England. However, the settlement was abandoned and no trace of the colonists was ever found. Drake was the first English person to achieve this (and the second person in history at the time). "The Scarlet Ibis" would be a different story if it were told from Doodle's point of view. Elizabeth I inherited a position of war with France, which was declared by Mary in 1556. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. (4 marks) According to many people at the time Mary Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the . Led by two powerful Catholic landowners, Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles Neville, Earl of Westmorland, this rebellions principal aims included the restoration of Catholicism to England, as well as the installation of Mary as Queen of England. - Leith blockade. 214 High Street, The English navy attempted some minor raids but they were largely ineffective as only 2 Spanish ships were lost, and these were by accident. I think I'm about to officially choose the Uni im going to but I'm not 100% sur, HELP, Official Imperial College 2023 Undergraduate Applicants Thread, Official Cambridge Postgraduate Applicants 2023 Thread, Plucking Serene Dreams From Golden Trees. In 1581, Protestant rebels in the Netherlands declared independence from Spain and established a Dutch republic. Drake also managed to capture a Spanish ship called the. Describe two features of Mary Queen of Scots' threat to Elizabeth I. English Catholic Francis Throckmorton was the link of communication within this plan. The problems arose as she ruled an isolated protestant kingdom surrounded by catholic superpowers. To know the dates for your GCSE exams for 2020, you firstly need to identify which exam board you are studying for your subject. The relationship with Spain and King Phillip II was at a low point in 1587 as the two countries were at war over the Netherlands. James also pledged to help Elizabeth if invaded. Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. West Yorkshire, The Spanish Fury united both the Dutch Catholics and Protestants, who demanded in response to the violence: 1) the expulsion of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands 2) political freedom and 3) an end to religious hostility via the Spanish Inquisition. LS23 6AD The Protestant Elizabeth certainly faced difficulties upon becoming Queen with regard to legitimacy, especially from English Catholics and the wider Catholic world. The plan was discovered and the Earls feared being executed for treason, so in a desperate attempt to escape punishment, they rebelled against Elizabeth and tried to overthrow her. The English Catholics now had no-one they could rally around and effectively lost hope of ever replacing Elizabeth. Elizabeths legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. [Clear link back to the question at the end of the paragraph here.]. There are 4 main exam boards which are AQA, Edexcel (Pearson), OCR and How To Revise For GCSE Psychology The ultimate step-by-step guide for students, teachers and private students. However, there were other challenges facing Elizabeth. More significantly, she was worried she would have to adopt a secondary role in the running of her country, as the period was very patriarchal. - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. Spanish invasion plans. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. Describe two features of the threats posed to Elizabeth in 1558 3. Some Vikings fled to France to establish a colony called Normandy. England and Spain had tried to remain on good terms but a growing rivalry between them led to increased tensions. [Relative comparison made to inform the judgement here shows instantly criteria are being established, helping to signpost the rest of the answer.]. Overall then, despite the question of legitimacy being extremely important due to the fact that Elizabeth could not count on the support of many English Catholics and the fact that it allowed a rival in Scotland to have claims to the throne, the immediate concerns of Elizabeth were of a more practical nature. As these privateers were supposedly independent, Elizabeth could deny any responsibility for the activities and this helped to prevent open conflict with King Phillip and Spain directly. With no clear military successes for Dudley, he resigned his post in 1587 and returned to England. Elizabeth I: a biography. He chose to sail around Scotland and Ireland which presented a dangerous route which the Spanish sailors were unfamiliar with. VAT reg no 816865400. - death of henry II. - Financial issues may have led to her loosing powerful allies as she could not give important people grant patronages. In the eyes of the Church of England, Henry and Catherine were divorced and then Henry could marry Anne. Drake himself described the raid as Singeing the King of Spains beard. The failure of the colonisation was due to: the resistance of the Native Americans; conflict amongst the English settlers (who collectively had the wrong mix of skills to make the settlement a real success); the loss of supplies via the damage incurred on The Tiger and the fact that the voyage set off too late for crops to be planted (causing dependence on the rightfully suspicious Native Americans).
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